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Universe People, Fourth Chapter,desire and Honor

Liyidan had impatience looking for empire battling to rebelion armies information, main hall haven’t stopped to show battle of simulation. He sat down on main seat, closed eyes and considered that how to response Windom’s disreason desire. Windom had a short communication with himself before a hour.

Windom looked at him, he as if nothing happened but Widom knew, talked,“Empire premier, How are you?”

Liyidan forced to angry fire, said,“Very well, Honor Windom. G. empire have you really hero!”

Windom smile talked,“Doesn’t overpraise, I just should be do.”

Liyidan misprize asked,“Do you really thank so that you can do?”

Windom answered with smile,“Do you remember swords age, When you had played the zillionaire game with me?”

Liyidan asked,“So what?”

Windom talked,“I like scanning win!”

Liyidan had a cought, said,“You…”

Windom,“See you next.”

Disappearnce on screen. Liyidan sat down the premier with a rush, thought about,“Really egg!”

Chief of brainmen staff Tili walked, face reported,“Honor premier, Windom has definitude declare, therefore should be fail hope at besent peace-talks group.”

Liyidan asked,“What’s thinking of Onhogo”

Tili replied,“Yes, He’s unite other galaxies union militaries 4,000,000,000, tens billion fleet units going to the U.E.S. on the way, I believe will be arrived tommorow in succession.”

Liyidan asked again,“What’s info from general Gui Wu Guo?”

Tili no responsed immediately, on the point to attention,“Chief Tili, Why didn’t say? Is it difficult to talk with reason?”

Tili had a sudden, then reported,“Honour premier, I couldn’t success to sub for return general GuiWuGuo from empire sides battle line in the congress, that’s my bigness loss duty.”

Liyidan as behit a fist who weary of talked,“That’s all usefull words? Cases have happened, no matter of who concerned.”

Then continued,“You would be continue answer my question.”

Tili rose up voice himslef, in one breath,“General Gui has slumped in S.country’s besieging, Since rebelion against. Also other galaxies having too long battle line, ability but not follow to his ambition. I affaid He couldn’t accept the civil battle. Please forgive.”

An empire info-officer reported to them,“Honour premier and Chief stiff. We’ve new reports, At present, reblion armies are breaking through the second diffense line, both sides under casualties terror. It’s according uncomplete to result. We’re have lost 500,000,000 soldiers and 4 billion group of fleet units, flames of war overspread 1,300 planets. Reblion armies have lost 200,000,000 soldiers and 2 billion group of fleet units. Above 3,000 planets have surrendered themselves from us. And general Gui main units relying on Double Dragon Battle Planet that concede maintain with brawniness battle. Moreover request to reinforce! Next should be battle records from General Gui to Strange elements Solar unite invasion battle.” Vast screen is reshowing miserable battle volcanically.

General Gui is level 5 general who the famous named Empire Astrosword general in the G.I.M.E. Also the hightest commander of Border Deffense Armies. He was born in the R.Family of Empire Ten Great Family, he had gone to unknow Starfield with fellows for a exploration in the youth age, handsome name’s “Juvenile King Adventurer. After all he joined into G.I.M.E. Universe Fleet, and became a outstanding fleet commander. Because of his higher commander made a mistake on order, result of Gui Wu Gun with a fleet battle power surprise occupied 12 Starfield of S.country, well know under the sun. therefore got empire premier Liyidan special trust, one step flying on success. With Liyidan supporting, Gui Wu Guo repeating surprise achievements, became very outstanding G.I.M.E. hero general.

Double Dragon Battle Planets guarding border of empire battle line hundreds of years. There’re have especially important military stratagem position. D.B.P. have withstanded once and once violent attacking in the past where one of main safeguard blocks at border of empire. There’re having best attack and deffense abilities:

Wise Separate-molecule cannon system,

Super size thunder storm laser missile system,

Rebirth heavy metal defend system,

Excellent air force of battle units,

Excellent land battle skills Hero Corps “King lion”,

Outstanding the Twelve Commanders of empire, more General’s guardswarrior Group. The whole with both equation and counteract to S.country on main mainstay.

At the D.D.B.P. commander hall, thousands of empire higher officer were busy working, servecing on information or assistance for countless fleet captains. One fleet captain was talking with officers on phone, where voice from flames of war or people shouting on his side of communication.

The captain torpidly talked,“My units are pressing forwards, but enemy fire power such hurt. Also day after day battling in losing, I need to reinforce or withdraw sometimes.”

The stiff had asked a military officer,“L.general Mara, units continue moving on or not?”

He’s near 350 ages, one of the Twelve constellation commanders of empire. It’s fourth, famous called“Attacking with Defense.” Mara keep on mind to order,“Holding line 10 minutes waiting for reinforcement. If haven’t arrived, Order units to together, then remove to left and right sides, show up the gap of center, continue to waiting and attacking!”

The commander responsed,“Yes, General!”

Pressing units suddenly made an opening in, S.armies swarm into from opening. The empire units have got short time rest. Fire power ran to focus. 10 minuters late, thousands of group of fleet units as lightning that arrived battlefield, started to a series of actions. Underreinforce helping, the empire units covered again opening, also cut up bedivide enemy. S.army had stopped the violent attacking that turned to defensing in a while.

They’re got a temporary win of guarding, but never wobbling S.army occupancy to Adalam as decision.

Adalam have locate in the start-fields of Double Dragon Battle Planets, where one of 500 guarding planets of border empire. Because S.army shock attaking, one half of Adalam had mastered by S.army control. Planet deffense commander still brawniness battle under wound condition. Both refused to budge. War flames burnning at Adalam, soldier bodies of pile every battlefield. Misfortune people scared, hiding, running, crying. A crying mother tightly held his son. Her son is a new empire soldier, just has joined to Adalam planet armies, but It’s pity that killed in the battle guarding. Mother appeared vividly on the ground, didn’t stop howl or wail. A blind boy alongside of bad feel arround, his mouth still called,“Mum! Mum! Where are you? Where are you?” Boy’s mother has killed as mass of flesh and blood in aside.

Not a far from, injured soldier tired and shrink body at corner, looked at whole blood hands, body as tremble patient. Near side, another soldier had suffering moan, the bullets shot out his breast that waiting for succor with hard. An empire soldier use all strength to close another soldier, then brokenly spoke,“Brother, you… Where are you from?”

Blood hands soldier gazed at death struggle soldier, answered,“I…I’m Corporal Jack, come from Yilm City of U.E.S. No! I’m not! I’m from Jieme City! Just…just joined in short time.” a bit consciousless.

A soldier had a smile, talked,“Give…give me a help.”

Jack as understood, pulled him to wall side with slow, A soldier’s blood of wound still piece and piece spilling. A soldier strong to stick, a few cought with a mouth of blood, forced smile,“I’m Sgt.Drlicha, guarding armies. Home at the U.E.S. Honour to… to see you.”

Jack fast held his hand, a ghost of tear on eyes, talked,“Thank you, thanks Sgt.Drlicha.”

Drlicha asked,“Have…have you girl firend? ” Jack responsed,“Have good many.”

Drlica had a cought again,“I have a girl friend too, this is her…her photo.”

Jack had wiped to blood on hand, took a blood photo. Blood red under left angle of photo, she still in focus on. There’re busy amusement park after two people had made wonder actions.” Drlicha does rockily feeling touch something at pocket, then take a ring, talked,“Help me… help me to pass the ring on my girl friend hand, She’s Rynana, S.lieutenant of Logistics department in U.E.S. Astrofleet. Fnger ring has her number of character.”

Jack said aloud,“Hold up! You won’t die, Stg. Drlicha.” A mouth of blood bursted from him, then he’s showed a ghost of smile,“I’m affaid I couldn’t hold the line, trouble you…” Drlicha slow closed eyes, the ring still held up. Jack exhausted effort to open his hand. After all, an ambulance stopped, doctors and nurse speed to save, tried hard to save Sgt. Drlicha’s life. After a while, they’re stopped to continue salvage action.

One doctor slow spoked,“Too late, He’s die in honor.”

Jack stager standed up, and salute with others.

Ambulances, ambulances shuttling at streets, but couldn’t save lifes further.

Alleyway or streets had covered and leaved marks and trace after flames of war, couldn’t bear eyes. On the sky of Adalam planet, S.army and empire army still battling, countless aircrafts thought out or falling. The bomm of gunfire shaking spaces, a team of empire interstellar battleplane just flew into battle, Then With turned to look a second, beattacking down or blowing underfire of strong enemy. Huge armored fleets were violent attacked as mass of bruies, but still put up struggle weapones. One huge S.troop carrier ran upon empire armored fleet, S.soldiers as flood coming out, stepped on empire armored fleet. An empire officer angry put out the laser sword that could closed quarters shoot. Empire soldier one by one followed, and outspread with voilent. S.army heavy armored soldier after, Empire soldier one by one dying down, firm light shield were blocking empire army shooting. S.army continued setting feet with order, young officer hopeless cried, then used whole power jumpped to the heavy armored team after operated laser sword to suicide type. A very short time, bigness bomb fast bursting in S.army that never shaking them going on the armored fleets. Empire army back away, and felt down underattack of S.soldiers. An almost die empire soldier was outeried. Rolling sound where a laser sword near there. Soldier endured suffering, struggle crawling to laser sword. S.soldier ice face to empire soldier, While he touched laser sword, one gun shout, empire soldier cruel tried two with painfull. Little by little wasn’t moving, finally dead. After moment, empire armored fleet lost control on the S.troops hands. Following, one and one armored fleet had forced to fall back battle zone, S.army’s fight will were shaking them will, they’re defeated.

An empire armor airship had fell down on the meterorolite star near Adalam planet, suddenly hiked as thousand units of billowy. Bow wave with brisance in the star, everywhere rolling rocks, stones, dust, blocks. Empire armor airship is very good defense shield in the great battle, front side set very strong power Relife Heavy Metal Defense System, can very fast made a auto repairing, even under violent attacking, also can ceselessly advancing along.There is a small guarding base under attacking in the meterorolite star as a heap, a heap of ruin places, all over empire soldiers bodies, broken tanks, fell and shot airships, destoryed gun towers, only have some still life soldiers hold the ruin places dispersedly waiting reinforce coming, An empire C.soldier hight called to others,“Brave men, holding ground!” S.army speed troops already had surrounding here 10 minuter before, a S.officer announced,“With S.S.U.K. name, I order you surrender as soon as possible, or else you will die in here.” An empire soldier aim at S.officer head, said aloud,“Go hell! Ash-bin!”

The officer fastly groveled down beacause shot. Empire soldiers started up shooting, stepps back in the S.soldiers. One of empire soldier lying low at the secluded corner who looked at robot fighter, thery’re as Transmutation Stone. He’s firmly held one missile that waiting coming armies, prepare to dead attack. Who brain gliter through living dribs and drabs in the country of Adalam, There’re so beautiful living, nice girls, joying talking, happy games. But never exist with moment, country under war and became victim. Robot soldiers continued to closing, order feetstep reason in fearing. At the second, An empire airplane brokethrough besieging net of sky that howl coming to, empire soldiers exciting called. Pilot of airplane is Pisu, with fast speed to ruin places in rush flacking. The soldier catch sight of scene, wised up it’s a single chance in thousands who brave ran to army. Robot soldiers ruthless gun fire straight through near his body, he tumbling and shoving ran foreard, more and more closing.

Some of empire soldiers looked and hight cried,“Come back! Come back! Danger!”

A string of bullets hited in his left breast, after blood splashing from wonds. He’s rolled down in the dust hole, over wet dust, suffering of body up him to more clear. Empire soldier struggle swam hole side, with little power held up the heavy missile. The robot soldier closing steps den den… den den… den den… that feeling cold disapointed, metallic face are loading heartless killer programme, that will be last memory of life leaved. The empire soldier didn’t stop to breathing, know near death. Blowing with talked,“Fuah…FuFu… First, I…I thanks head Pisu educated me how to be An empire soldier, Fuah… hnhn… Fu… I thanks too…thanks everybody had helped me on the life travel. Fu… Fuah..Fuah..fuah.. at last I thanks god’s gaven!”

One white light flashing up from missile. A small mushroom cloud was bombed in the passing robots. Great bombing, loud and stridenting. Mother land as earthquake. Pisu had cry and cry with despaired in the airplane, never stopped to fire button on hand…

In the ruin place, masked warrior slow walked out from dust fog, The explosive wallop appeared useless on his body. He’s looked over closing robot warrior, sword of hand struggle… robot soldiers still order stepped toward, masked warrior had not effect to progess. An empire soldier watched far masked man, he’s dressing a black linkage armored gown, long hair almost flat ground. Smash and smash pieces of arrmored on his shoulder as argentine rays of light in flames of gun mapping. He’s face pressing moving back gold mask, only show purple eyes. Silently looked at closing face robot soldiers. A great swind sweep blowing, sand wind suddenly fill over whole ruin places. Empire soldiers had called,“Dange! Danger! Hurry out there!” Masked warrior cold smile,“I dislike running, I like battle!”

Fast speeded to robot soldiers when does words. They’re voilent shooting, masked man had undered flame walls that shape to together strong focus, …zilinbala… broken. The warrior was whisking sword who no bit wound. One moment, had standing in robot troops, silently standing. Robot warrior hurry turned the gun to masked man.

He’s talked,“You really loss luck today!”

Fastly moving-combat with sword. Whole body as over numberless shadows. Robot soldiers couldn’t moving in front of him, one robot team chief quickly called help but too late, the sword has throught his body that dying down as others fate of robot. Empire soldiers were cheering, but he disappearnce in the bombing. Pisu still had piloting airplane to attack S.land army. Very unsimple had told from his intuition.

There’s a S.invasion lightning action near Landform Music defense star of Double Dragon Battle Palnets. Air alarm woke up everyone in the dream and countless landing fleets such falling star corrupted down from interstellar spaces, disorder flack noise up. People couldn’t dare to believe S.army have ability in speed. Empire battle plane continually leaved broke traces on sky, sumless dropping S.soldiers occcupy to important locations and establishments. An empire officer scare called to Empire information center, and two S.special soldiers broke into, he’s hit down on ground in second. Wound officer wonder,“How did you know here?” S.S.soldier laugh,“Mr. Commander, this isn’t cinema, I wouldn’t tell you.” Then another soldier had a fist him to stun…

General Gui had sitting in the chief seat of meeting hall, softly sponge dust on glasses. He’s looked over the tweleve commander, They’re go through life and dead 30 years with himself. That couldn’t a bit control sigh with emotion that felt to owed lot or much. The screen full of Double Dragon Battle Planets images, They’re like two China Dragon on the sky, long long tail can limited stretching in the no end universe, also can making all kinds of “Human Form” combat arraying, these can easy control near planets or stars in the huge Dragon body.

General Mara continued to askd,“Honour GuiWuguo, enemy power such overstate, wether should rather amend to whole defenise arrangement of units or not?” General Gui replied,“Thanks general Mara for suggeston, please amply to explain?”

He’s talked,“Thank you. Because enemy armies using large-scale new weapon equipments, bring our D.D.B.P. on big flames. Also enemy absolut gave up tradition tactics before, turned to using ramble long distance tactics, then attack to us, We’re very exacting at the battle line such. I suggestion that collect the main units on the four stars outer edges and corners, then Double Dragon can use the retractile claws of a cat in the characteristics, that will be processing reach battle under diffense attacking condition of array. This mothod good ability to broken enemy almost battle arraies, also can processing combination war to the enemy with cut.”

A female general asked,“General Mara, How long sticking if with this project amend to defenise units?”

General Gui talked,“M.general Raz, you have a good question.”

M.gneral Mennihalei near general Mara,“General Raz, the question I would amply. According to position in battle sides, We would be safety to against enemy attacking 3 month at least that military material wastage is normal, may be maintain in one half of year. If I use the project for amend, the military material wastage will be increase, estimate to maintain 4 months or so, but win rate should be advance 30 %. Furthermore, Honour Onhogo has send general Dara who leading a number of hundred million units of fleets on rescue action way, arrived time will be after 3 day in plan. So, I have a daring try, I hope General Wui would use this project amend to units of defense a week. After a week, We have obvious all.”

General Gui thought a minute, and talked,“This’s a good idea! General Mara, deal with the plan. On the anohter side for ensure D.D.agility, I’ll arrange several relife heavy-armored fleets going with cruise defense on the planet orbits, strong to combination attacking power.”

General Mara answered,“Thanks general Gui and Mennihalei.” Mennihalei replied,“For empire future, this responsibility.”

A commander talked,“I thank so too, and I hope make the end of battle at an early date.”

Another commander talked,“B.general Bardi sounds great! At a high speed to war end that will be advantage and bennifit for empire.” Generals were talking about.

Gui said,“General Bardi and Iha talk to point, Won’t I consider to make the end of battle at early date? But in conditions, I doubt possibility as less. Hoever, even front face to difficulty climber in a great numbers of mountain, I still believe the miracle should be happened, if We make concerted effort. Tomorrow will be whole winday!”

Twelve constellation commanders order in talked,“Yes! Honour Gui! For Empire!”

Second defense line of empire, empire armies tough against Windom union armies strong attacking. Windom union were approaching to Univers Empire star. The empire defense under attack of great-area many sector angle battle arraies. And empire armies tend to solid foursquare defense battle arraies, countless and kinds light points… missile, flames, airplane over starfields with angry and glitter. Fighter plane, battle plane, airplane, airship falling down in people mind. The union armies with S.army cover power that continued to progessing, Windom and generals watched the total win battle at commader module of fleet.

He’s asked,“General Lenton. What’s information of union armies?”

Lenton replied,“Honour Windom, We’re with the fastest speed thought out enemy defense line. Our lossing rate is 1:3, complete because we use a series of new weapon equips that had researched with S.armies. Aside, Onhogo units have arrived Universe Empire Star 15 minuters ago.”

Windom smile said,“Good to coming, very good. With my order to execute plan C.”

Lenton answered,“Yes, honour Windom.”

“General Onhogo need to talk with honour Windom, general Lenton!” An information officer talked. Windom smile said,“Talking CaoCao, CaoCao arrived. Immediately comunication.” “Yes, Honour.” Officer replied. The screen had showed Onhogo full of smile face.

Windom smile talked,“Honour, Onhogo, It’s ptiy. I had drink tea with you forepart, today daring you and me in war. Do you thinking is a good way?”

Onhogo force to smile, minded,“That’s old man daring rob my actor words.”

He’s talked,“Is there no need for worry? Honour Windom? You and liyidan are old friend in recognized eyes from people, Why boter used such way to punish your intimate friend. I actuality couldn’t hold in eyes. I have suppose to advise everyone, but didn’t think that thing will all of a sudden time to such steps.”

Windom talked again,“I haven’t wrong to meet with you many years, you still such kind.”

But his mind,“You bad egg, you’re shaking your tail, I know you what’s thinking about!”

Onhogo smile said,“Honour Windom, care of you, care of G.I.M.E., care of whole empire people’s eudemonia.”

Windom smile spoke,“Honour Onhogo, that sounds great, for whole empire people eudemonia, I continue hard to try, and I hope Honour Onhogo would able to help me for accomplissh to great enterprise, recur the empire spirits.”

Onhogo in the mind,“Old guy dare to advise me, It’s look as no effect at reason.”

Onhogo asked,“Honour Windom, Shoul we difficulty say to use this way for accomplish great enterprise?”

He’s answered,“There’s no free dinner under the sun. no cost no harvest.” Windom continued,“According to position, I have absolut seized of all best positions, I hope Honour Onhogo should careful considering, forsake darkness for light is a good idea.”

Onhogo smile talked,“Honour Windom, you as look down opponent, I Onhogo hope a good result too. It’s for premier Liyidan. Honour Windom, with greateful to you because talking, I feeling very happy. Thank you! Good Bye!”

Windom looked at the disappearnce Onhogo on the screen, turned to seat chair and talked Lenton,“Order all armies for plan A! add plan D to plan C.”

General Lenton replied,“Yes, honour. in addition report, Kimbu Star has surrendered, we’re total got the Kimbu. Please order.” Windom turned to chief seat, talked,“Good, well done.”

There’s one of G.I.M.E Five Main Starfield, Kimbu Star of Kimbu Starfiled is very important manufacture base of wise empire coin, control empire 50% finance circulation, sticking great view and operating economic process. Along with lost the Kimbu, G.I.M.E. is passing a scene of economy and finance storm.

Another side of astrospace, a group of businessmen of D.S. were emergec conferencing.

An elder still catched fire on conference,“War! War again! How I to do? How?!”

Another normal businessman mount to long accent talked,“Mr. Quanding, We’re talking about how to avoid lossing, would you calmness?”

Quanding son is Quanjing,and talked,“Mr. Monnice is right, plese calm anger, father.”

Quanjing held in the palm with hand, but finger still acting . With no idea to talked,“Sorry, very Sorry.”

Mr.Monnice continue talked,“Everyone know what’s things nowaday? The empire in civil war all the way, normal businessmen days not better than others. Just passed, We’re all heared Mr. Quanjing investment business had invested without profit, even loss whole. I thanking that, everybody should be consider that what’s good idea.”

A businessman asked,“Would you have a good idea, Mr.Monnice?”

He’s answered,“I have an idea, but a little danger.”

Quanjing continued,“Business thus, more venture, most profit. Behave of bussinessmen closing danger. But, having many dangers, can you explain?”

He again,“Sure, I can explain. But everyone needs hushing.”

Soundless talked to others,“I plan to go to illegality business at the occupied or near planets, profit money blood.”

A trader answered,“That’s right, we also recaputer primary investment.”

Quanding talked,“Mr. Monnice, Who can guarantee to trade fleets not underattacking?”

Monnice woke up,“That’s let me consider.”

Quanding stealth smile to him,“What’s plan? Dog gas!”

Quanjing talked again,“I have a good place in mind, may be can help us.” Then had stealth talking with people, Quanding heard with smile talked,“Yeah, what’s up with our consider at early time?”

He’s happy dancing and spoke,“My son smart all the way, heyhey~.” People laughed.

There is a café shop in the Double Stars, it’s news of Empire armies smashuped was coveraged near D.S. or U.E.S on screen. People talking and watching news, nice female announcer continued to reported,“The Empire armies still stickiness incandesced with S.armies, Windom union armies in the battle. Base to uncomplete result, approaching 4000 planets have controlled in S.armies or Windom union armies…” Corner of café shop, a nice girl inpatient dring milk tea.

“Current man, Whole day beat beat kill kill in brain, also not on time! Hun!”

Effulge gold hair, a twain of big, tall leafage ears as steath looking everyone here, small mouth on angry who still mumbling. A young military officer run in, great breathing and sat down face to face, nice girl a had hick to crus with straight. Young officer suffering cry,“Ouch!” People looked at them in same time. The girl stared to ceiling, small mouth ballon croon. As does not thing to happen. Young officer asking for,“Loving low, I’m very apologize for you. I have to do more works today in units, so late to here.” Farllow talked,“man thus, usually find cover! I’m a noble, and so beautiful. If let other man first you, you’re really fail.”

Young officer smile said,“Yes, Ms. Farllow.”

She’r acting finger, then asked,“Major.Kenny. Why late?”

Answered,“Everything couldn’t hiding on your eyes, as a matter of fact, I have bumped to a beggar, the man didn’t stop trouble to me, result of I’m late.”

Farllow held under the chin. 2 dashing eyebrows acting,“Fool, false words, Who believe you!” hicked again, Major.Kenny covered mouth himmself. With no idea said,“I really haven’t lie, that’s ture, I’m not!”

Farllow smile talked,“Really the failest cheat.”

Major. Kenny spoke again,“I have no idea if don’t believe.”

Suddenly, a beggar ran into from door. And following two nice western suit men, one of men shouted,“dead beggar! Dirty my nice western suit, I must a lecture you!” Then the men’s fists heavy tamp down on beggar’s body. Suffering beggar climbing on the ground.

Farllow unhapy to speak,“Major.Kenny, it’s time to show action. If Evildoing on way, help with swords isn’t your capital of hero?”

Kenny has scrupled, She’s a hicked, Major.Kenny immediately jumped up, that brought saw from the men’s eyes, they’re felt to not good affairs, hurry up shouted to beggar,“Luck you, I never forgive your next!”

Major Kenny looked at shadow of beggar, seems saw at some places. Closing looked,“Oh, is you, why here? I told you that hasn’t What Inferno Ecclesiastic.”

The beggar put out the novel, and said,“Have, have, there is.”

Farllow too and got a load of beggar, a boken suit of colthes and full of face of white mustache. Ages and bad alcohol smell. Farllow continued closing as find some thing, fix eyes on look, she’s mind,“Why the man looks like familiar, I have seen him some aga?” Farllow mind up, happy talked,“Father Wez.Ken, I saw him childhood. Quickly support him.”Unconsciousness Father Wez still talked,“Where’s Inferno Ecclesiastic? Where’s Inferno Ecclesiastic?”People seems not heard about what’s Inferno Ecclesiastic…

Color moon as mist cover maze, drizzle waving, street lights few reflect to up and down, go and come vehicles. At the Farllow home, father Wez lying on bed, coughing. She’s clean his face with hot towel beside, then put out coat remnants mud or dust.

Major Kenny talked at alongside,“My Farllow, does no a few thought that femininity side.”

Farllow had a gazed at Kenny, talked,“Father Kez was a father in my country, I help him without reject. While I was childhood, he’s helped me too.”

Farllow talked,“I don’t know what’s reason at last, father Wez had straight argued with church chairman in the officer. Result of second day, father took the baggage that leaved affiliated parish. Then no messages or news from. No body know Where’s he gone?”

She happy talked,“God’s arranged meet him again today!”

Kenny talked,“Right, helping because glad is source of happy, hum, yes!”

Farllow smile spoke,“Today have a good time.”

Kenny a rolled eyes, and asked,“Afterward, What about of father Wez?”

She smile told,“Didn’t say to you? Father was removed chruch’s name, that is all.”

“Oh, I see!” M.Kenny spoke.

Father Wez more and more clear in head, fuzzy eyes tend to bright, first sentence asked,“Where am I?”

Farllow smile answered,“Here is my house, father Wez. Do you remember me? I’m Farrllow, I like to listen your lesson While childhood.”

Father Wez knead hair himself, had found whole body’s pain feeling. Ultimately no power standing up on bed. He’s looked at Farllow, eventually remembered some thing to mind, spoke,“Long time no see, Farllow. How are you?”

She’s joy and said,“I’m fine, father Wez. How are you?”

Sideward M.Kenny interrupted,“I’m G.I.M.E D.S. regular army officer, Major.Kenny. Hello, Father Wez.”

Father Wez said,“Hello, Major.Kenny.”

Kenny regrettably said,“I’m so sorry, I didn’t know where you are Farllow friend.” Wez smile said,“Never mind, never mind.” He’s put a load of looked to her, spoke and spoke,“You’re grew up, and nice…”

Father Wez got Farllow and Kenny helping, health on way. a day morning, Wez opened the windows, there is wider grass rangeland, fresh air coming to face, warm shine throught out the windows over room. He’s deep breath, talked,“I have not snug feeling since long time ago.” She’s took the breakfast walked in, and told,“Father Wez, please to have breakfast with my personally, they’re good taste of sugar vegatable and ionization bread.” He’s thanked,“thank you, Farllow,God’s favor to me, I got your help.” She’s talked,“Hee, a little thing, father don’t mention.”

Father Wez racily eating break, sugar vegetable and ionization bread were made up by two food of material, one is D.S. local production of black bread tree’s fruit, high nutrition worth. Another Ionization fruit bar of local vegeatable. I.Fruit bar growing up in the electricity soil, with good health minim electricity. That unite to cooking skills, then would make a variety of delicious food.

She watched and asked,“Father Wez, that story is so great, so wonderful yesterday, Would you tell me is that ture?”

Father Wez eating and talked,“Human rights should be all high wise creatures have in reasonable, equity and right droit. In the mean time, droit and incumbency are link one another, imprtibility. Enjoy to droits must be carry incumbency involved at same time. If disrespect to, up to disrespect oneself. Today I suddenly remember a question, they’re think and do. Think is mentality, do is action. Base to nature, think and do are 2 difference concept. Think is innocent, but do exist criminality. Why? From crime, confusion sides talk, a right of order system should be building on a reasons and satisfaction needs and in good agreement, harmony, or conformity system each human. In the right, continued, order system, together developping, competition each, looking for eudemonia… for the story, I’m looking for, finally I woke up a thing in mind, I decide to found Inferno Ecclesiastic!” Farllow happy smile said,“Yeah! I must be support you, father.” Wez said aloud,“Inferno Ecclesiastic long time! Inferno Ecclesiastic long time!”They still talking and smile…

High buildings and large mansions of city, unaware tired passing trveller congest streets. A busy roadside of street, Shuda full of alcohol gas went for a walk at the park, side road strange hurry throught. Shuda had eyes looking forward with laxity or loose. He’s put out the cachou that chawing. Yesterday nice girlish-soft still few leaved on clothes the day before. Listlessly continue walking, trace clouds as thinking. Abruptly some police car howl coming, He’s hurry up to hide croner.

Two police were taliking near,“Have you discover Shuda’s tail?”

Another answered,“No, I haven’t.” “We must seek out him before sunset, else you and me couldn’t finish the task.”

Shuda had a surprised then ran into deep of park, disappearnce in darkness. He rounded serveal block line, then arriverd a secret living place. There is a mansion near outskirt of City, only knew himself that hide place. Suhda an arse to bed, has recalled that a lot of police passing scene himself, heart out with blood dancing. The ture degree may be bear out, must be some one snitch. He’s minded,“The empire having civil war, I havn’t finish task to kill Onhogo, that some one hick behind as yes-saying.”

Patrol car overed streets, busy and looking for. A young detective got off, a suit of gray white coat, jet back and splendent shoes would clear mapping surrounding. Then following a lingun cap, suspend pipe cotemporary. As younger than detective coat man in front of. First off man told,“Little brother Keone, Do you sure thinking those spies still staying at City?” Keone answered,“Captain. Hedite. Base on info-show, I thinking that some spies still haven’t finish project or task, They’re due to obviously exist danger on them point. And biger and diffence time, therefore some of spies still lying fallow in the city. We now need to do that uncover danger actores in hole!” Captain Hedite talked,“I think so too, talk to point.”

A team of plainclothesmen from the car, one of men talked,“Captain, the main exits were set the checkpoint entirely city. V.Family armies demand into city, and scream for total sweep manhunt action.”

Hedite asked,“Why V.Family want to interpose?”

One plainclothesman lightly told to him,“2 minutes late, V.Family legality successor Charle. Guan Ⅳ and his wife had discover dead in the bedroom. I heart other colleague talked they’re killed in act.”

Hedite thrill through a piece of unlucky sign, fast turned to Keone，He’s standing on the car side, slow spit out a smoke, said,“I listening, I know.”

Keone continued to look up sky, as pray what, loosely talked,“This very unsimple, unsimple. The hurricane will be coming.”

Hedite as something in mind, hurry talked to them,“Send my order, no allow army to step in City, even one half of step. Unless they’re have approvement file of D.S. police headquarter! Will announce to curfew in a week, and strong to police power of City, arrange reserve police to city outside. Prevent to conflict cases happened.” The civvies order,“Yes! Captain!” Hedite opened the minisize computer of hand, tried to communication uncle that chief of staff Tili.

At the darkness, alarm rights seem sunshine over, passer tend to few, only shout passing police car. Outside of city main exits have arranged and set up defense blocks, Policemen checking car or airship near main exits. Because announced curfew of city, all flying machine can but low-flying under Gravitation Defense Shield influence. This is a clarity layer of sky where covering city, have forced astro-ship to slow speed, and changing right sky dropping orbital. Arrived at some conditions, can increasing whole city gravitation, order people or ohter moving equipment hard moving under this environment, furthermore that low enemy shooting nicety down in the battle. Policemen were dressing bullet proof vest, some police men even took heavey weapon. Street and alleyway shops already stop to business, cold and cheerless, dimly have few walker haste passed. City people were talking happened things these days. Newspaper office and info-station missionaries preparing and busyness, for a serous of cases gather news. But face to them that is a block, a block of unover wall. G.I.M.E.info-statin reporter Robo had withdraw on top of mansion, unstopping great breath. To the best of ability soundless oneself, because of the mansion near outside of city. In there, both held the line who against to each other. Searchlight shine to clear outside, a police car ran out from main exit. Hedite got off, looked over V.Family army. Because V.Family first power member Charle.Guan Ⅳ　was killed, contract-generals of Onhogo and important members scream require every city involved that act total survey… vast and mighty army quarter at outside of city, thousands of armored tank waiting for commander order. Hedite rucked the eyes brows, communication info-system no stopping report cases these days on ears. He need to time, needs time to negotiate V.Family, needs time to find out killer, even needs time to proper deal with everthing involved question. But things progessing without help. He recalled V.Family S.general. Qu Qing. promptly communicated on phone.

Combating voice from another side with disappointed, He’s sweat to asked,“S.general QuQing, are you all right, What’s up there?”

A young military officer sound on the phone,“General, the soldiers have began to besiege here. We affaid haven’t against their attacking at this rate!”

QuQing lowering talked,“Take care of yourself, late to talk.”

The phone off, He’s angry enclasp fists, tries to best control emotion himself. But didn’t, mutter on mouth. Keone sat down on car seat then looked at suffering Hedite, without emotion to talk,“The thing very interesting, very interesting.”

What’s it called when the Bleach characters stand in the air?

What is it called when the bleach characters stand in the air, they fight in the air too but they also just stand and talk a lot. For example in the fight Kyoraku vs Starrk and around the fake town arc. The second espada even sits in a chair in the sky. It’s not the same like in Dragon Ball Z They fly, I know the bleach characters aren’t just flying but there actually doing something prior to the series I think but don’t know what’s it called, does anyone know? I know it’s got to be called something now, anyone?

Actually there isn’t a technique name for them to stand in the air, although you can call it Platform Manifestation. They basically gather the Reishi, which are particles that make up spirtual things, and gather it under their feet so they can stand on air like a solid platform.

They use the same thing with shunpo, so they just gather Reishi under their feet creating a platform walkway so they quickly move around in a extreme speed.

You can read more about Reishi here::
http://bleach.wikia.com/wiki/Reishi

And I would suggest you to use the Bleach Wikia because it’s really helpful and informative if you need to find some answers on Bleach.

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EARTH, A PLANET

I INTRODUCTION

Earth (planet), one of nine planets in the solar system, the only planet known to harbor life, and the “home” of human beings. From space Earth resembles a big blue marble with swirling white clouds floating above blue oceans. About 71 percent of Earth’s surface is covered by water, which is essential to life. The rest is land, mostly in the form of continents that rise above the oceans.

Earth An oxygen-rich and protective atmosphere, moderate temperatures, abundant water, and a varied chemical composition enable Earth to support life, the only planet known to harbor life. The planet is composed of rock and metal, which are present in molten form beneath its surface. The Apollo 17 spacecraft took this snapshot in 1972 of the Arabian Peninsula, the African continent, and Antarctica (most of the white area near the bottom).

 Earth’s surface is surrounded by a layer of gases known as the atmosphere, which extends upward from the surface, slowly thinning out into space. Below the surface is a hot interior of rocky material and two core layers composed of the metals nickel and iron in solid and liquid form.

Unlike the other planets, Earth has a unique set of characteristics ideally suited to supporting life as we know it. It is neither too hot, like Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, nor too cold, like distant Mars and the even more distant outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and tiny Pluto. Earth’s atmosphere includes just the right amount of gases that trap heat from the Sun, resulting in a moderate climate suitable for water to exist in liquid form. The atmosphere also helps block radiation from the Sun that would be harmful to life. Earth’s atmosphere distinguishes it from the planet Venus, which is otherwise much like Earth. Venus is about the same size and mass as Earth and is also neither too near nor too far from the Sun. But because Venus has too much heat-trapping carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, its surface is extremely hot—462°C (864°F)—hot enough to melt lead and too hot for life to exist.

Although Earth is the only planet known to have life, scientists do not rule out the possibility that life may once have existed on other planets or their moons, or may exist today in primitive form. Mars, for example, has many features that resemble river channels, indicating that liquid water once flowed on its surface. If so, life may also have evolved there, and evidence for it may one day be found in fossil form. Water still exists on Mars, but it is frozen in polar ice caps, in permafrost, and possibly in rocks below the surface.

For thousands of years, human beings could only wonder about Earth and the other observable planets in the solar system. Many early ideas—for example, that the Earth was a sphere and that it traveled around the Sun—were based on brilliant reasoning. However, it was only with the development of the scientific method and scientific instruments, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, that humans began to gather data that could be used to verify theories about Earth and the rest of the solar system. By studying fossils found in rock layers, for example, scientists realized that the Earth was much older than previously believed. And with the use of telescopes, new planets such as Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto were discovered.

Earth from the Moon In the late 1960s, people saw for the first time what Earth looked like from space. This famous photo of Earth was taken by astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission as they orbited the Moon in 1968.

In the second half of the 20th century, more advances in the study of Earth and the solar system occurred due to the development of rockets that could send spacecraft beyond Earth. Human beings were able to study and observe Earth from space with satellites equipped with scientific instruments. Astronauts landed on the Moon and gathered ancient rocks that revealed much about the early solar system. During this remarkable advancement in human history, humans also sent unmanned spacecraft to the other planets and their moons. Spacecraft have now visited all of the planets except Pluto. The study of other planets and moons has provided new insights about Earth, just as the study of the Sun and other stars like it has helped shape new theories about how Earth and the rest of the solar system formed.

As a result of this recent space exploration, we now know that Earth is one of the most geologically active of all the planets and moons in the solar system. Earth is constantly changing. Over long periods of time land is built up and worn away, oceans are formed and re-formed, and continents move around, break up, and merge.

Life itself contributes to changes on Earth, especially in the way living things can alter Earth’s atmosphere. For example, Earth at one time had the same amount of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere as Venus now has, but early forms of life helped remove this carbon dioxide over millions of years. These life forms also added oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere and made it possible for animal life to evolve on land.

A variety of scientific fields have broadened our knowledge about Earth, including biogeography, climatology, geology, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, and zoogeography. Collectively, these fields are known as Earth science. By studying Earth’s atmosphere, its surface, and its interior and by studying the Sun and the rest of the solar system, scientists have learned much about how Earth came into existence, how it changed, and why it continues to change.

II EARTH, THE SOLAR SYSTEM, AND THE GALAXY

Earth is the third planet from the Sun, after Mercury and Venus. The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 150 million km (93 million mi). Earth and all the other planets in the solar system revolve, or orbit, around the Sun due to the force of gravitation. The Earth travels at a velocity of about 107,000 km/h (about 67,000 mph) as it orbits the Sun. All but one of the planets orbit the Sun in the same plane—that is, if an imaginary line were extended from the center of the Sun to the outer regions of the solar system, the orbital paths of the planets would intersect that line. The exception is Pluto, which has an eccentric (unusual) orbit.

Earth’s orbital path is not quite a perfect circle but instead is slightly elliptical (oval-shaped). For example, at maximum distance Earth is about 152 million km (about 95 million mi) from the Sun; at minimum distance Earth is about 147 million km (about 91 million mi) from the Sun. If Earth orbited the Sun in a perfect circle, it would always be the same distance from the Sun.

The solar system, in turn, is part of the Milky Way Galaxy, a collection of billions of stars bound together by gravity. The Milky Way has armlike discs of stars that spiral out from its center. The solar system is located in one of these spiral arms, known as the Orion arm, which is about two-thirds of the way from the center of the Galaxy. In most parts of the Northern Hemisphere, this disc of stars is visible on a summer night as a dense band of light known as the Milky Way.

Milky Way Galaxy Our own solar system exists within one of the spiral arms of the disk-shaped galaxy called the Milky Way. This false-color image looks toward the center of the Milky Way, located 30,000 light-years away. Bright star clusters are visible along with darker areas of dust and gas.Photo Researchers, Inc./Morton-Milon/Science Source

Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system. Its diameter, measured around the equator, is 12,756 km (7,926 mi). Earth is not a perfect sphere but is slightly flattened at the poles. Its polar diameter, measured from the North Pole to the South Pole, is somewhat less than the equatorial diameter because of this flattening. Although Earth is the largest of the four planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—that make up the inner solar system (the planets closest to the Sun), it is small compared with the giant planets of the outer solar system—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. For example, the largest planet, Jupiter, has a diameter at its equator of 143,000 km (89,000 mi), 11 times greater than that of Earth. A famous atmospheric feature on Jupiter, the Great Red Spot, is so large that three Earths would fit inside it.

Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon. The Moon orbits the Earth, completing one revolution in an elliptical path in 27 days 7 hr 43 min 11.5 sec. The Moon orbits the Earth because of the force of Earth’s gravity. However, the Moon also exerts a gravitational force on the Earth. Evidence for the Moon’s gravitational influence can be seen in the ocean tides. A popular theory suggests that the Moon split off from Earth more than 4 billion years ago when a large meteorite or small planet struck the Earth.

As Earth revolves around the Sun, it rotates, or spins, on its axis, an imaginary line that runs between the North and South poles. The period of one complete rotation is defined as a day and takes 23 hr 56 min 4.1 sec. The period of one revolution around the Sun is defined as a year, or 365.2422 solar days, or 365 days 5 hr 48 min 46 sec. Earth also moves along with the Milky Way Galaxy as the Galaxy rotates and moves through space. It takes more than 200 million years for the stars in the Milky Way to complete one revolution around the Galaxy’s center.

Earth’s axis of rotation is inclined (tilted) 23.5° relative to its plane of revolution around the Sun. This inclination of the axis creates the seasons and causes the height of the Sun in the sky at noon to increase and decrease as the seasons change. The Northern Hemisphere receives the most energy from the Sun when it is tilted toward the Sun. This orientation corresponds to summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere receives maximum energy when it is tilted toward the Sun, corresponding to summer in the Southern Hemisphere and winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Fall and spring occur in between these orientations.

III EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere is a layer of different gases that extends from Earth’s surface to the exosphere, the outer limit of the atmosphere, about 9,600 km (6,000 mi) above the surface. Near Earth’s surface, the atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). The remaining 1 percent of atmospheric gases consists of argon (0.9 percent); carbon dioxide (0.03 percent); varying amounts of water vapor; and trace amounts of hydrogen, nitrous oxide, ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon.

A Layers of the Atmosphere

Divisions of the Atmosphere Without our atmosphere, there would be no life on Earth. A relatively thin envelope, the atmosphere consists of layers of gases that support life and provide protection from harmful radiation.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

The layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere. The troposphere is the layer in which weather occurs and extends from the surface to about 16 km (about 10 mi) above sea level at the equator. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which has an upper boundary of about 50 km (about 30 mi) above sea level. The layer from 50 to 90 km (30 to 60 mi) is called the mesosphere. At an altitude of about 90 km, temperatures begin to rise. The layer that begins at this altitude is called the thermosphere because of the high temperatures that can be reached in this layer (about 1200°C, or about 2200°F). The region beyond the thermosphere is called the exosphere. The thermosphere and the exosphere overlap with another region of the atmosphere known as the ionosphere, a layer or layers of ionized air extending from almost 60 km (about 50 mi) above Earth’s surface to altitudes of 1,000 km (600 mi) and more.

Earth’s atmosphere and the way it interacts with the oceans and radiation from the Sun are responsible for the planet’s climate and weather. The atmosphere plays a key role in supporting life. Almost all life on Earth uses atmospheric oxygen for energy in a process known as cellular respiration, which is essential to life. The atmosphere also helps moderate Earth’s climate by trapping radiation from the Sun that is reflected from Earth’s surface. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.” Like the glass in a greenhouse, they trap infrared, or heat, radiation from the Sun in the lower atmosphere and thereby help warm Earth’s surface. Without this greenhouse effect, heat radiation would escape into space, and Earth would be too cold to support most forms of life.

Other gases in the atmosphere are also essential to life. The trace amount of ozone found in Earth’s stratosphere blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Without the ozone layer, life as we know it could not survive on land. Earth’s atmosphere is also an important part of a phenomenon known as the water cycle or the hydrologic cycle. See also Atmosphere.

B The Atmosphere and the Water Cycle

The water cycle simply means that Earth’s water is continually recycled between the oceans, the atmosphere, and the land. All of the water that exists on Earth today has been used and reused for billions of years. Very little water has been created or lost during this period of time. Water is constantly moving on Earth’s surface and changing back and forth between ice, liquid water, and water vapor.

The water cycle begins when the Sun heats the water in the oceans and causes it to evaporate and enter the atmosphere as water vapor. Some of this water vapor falls as precipitation directly back into the oceans, completing a short cycle. Some of the water vapor, however, reaches land, where it may fall as snow or rain. Melted snow or rain enters rivers or lakes on the land. Due to the force of gravity, the water in the rivers eventually empties back into the oceans. Melted snow or rain also may enter the ground. Groundwater may be stored for hundreds or thousands of years, but it will eventually reach the surface as springs or small pools known as seeps. Even snow that forms glacial ice or becomes part of the polar caps and is kept out of the cycle for thousands of years eventually melts or is warmed by the Sun and turned into water vapor, entering the atmosphere and falling again as precipitation. All water that falls on land eventually returns to the ocean, completing the water cycle.

IV EARTH’S SURFACE

Earth’s surface is the outermost layer of the planet. It includes the hydrosphere, the crust, and the biosphere.

A Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere consists of the bodies of water that cover 71 percent of Earth’s surface. The largest of these are the oceans, which contain over 97 percent of all water on Earth. Glaciers and the polar ice caps contain just over 2 percent of Earth’s water in the form of solid ice. Only about 0.6 percent is under the surface as groundwater. Nevertheless, groundwater is 36 times more plentiful than water found in lakes, inland seas, rivers, and in the atmosphere as water vapor. Only 0.017 percent of all the water on Earth is found in lakes and rivers. And a mere 0.001 percent is found in the atmosphere as water vapor. Most of the water in glaciers, lakes, inland seas, rivers, and groundwater is fresh and can be used for drinking and agriculture. Dissolved salts compose about 3.5 percent of the water in the oceans, however, making it unsuitable for drinking or agriculture unless it is treated to remove the salts.

B Crust

The crust consists of the continents, other land areas, and the basins, or floors, of the oceans. The dry land of Earth’s surface is called the continental crust. It is about 15 to 75 km (9 to 47 mi) thick. The oceanic crust is thinner than the continental crust. Its average thickness is 5 to 10 km (3 to 6 mi). The crust has a definite boundary called the Mohorovi

Oceanic crust and continental crust differ in the type of rocks they contain. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when molten rock, called magma, cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks are usually created by the breakdown of igneous rocks. They tend to form in layers as small particles of other rocks or as the mineralized remains of dead animals and plants that have fused together over time. The remains of dead animals and plants occasionally become mineralized in sedimentary rock and are recognizable as fossils. Metamorphic rocks form when sedimentary or igneous rocks are altered by heat and pressure deep underground.

Oceanic crust consists of dark, dense igneous rocks, such as basalt and gabbro. Continental crust consists of lighter-colored, less dense igneous rocks, such as granite and diorite. Continental crust also includes metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.

C Biosphere

The biosphere includes all the areas of Earth capable of supporting life. The biosphere ranges from about 10 km (about 6 mi) into the atmosphere to the deepest ocean floor. For a long time, scientists believed that all life depended on energy from the Sun and consequently could only exist where sunlight penetrated. In the 1970s, however, scientists discovered various forms of life around hydrothermal vents on the floor of the Pacific Ocean where no sunlight penetrated. They learned that primitive bacteria formed the basis of this living community and that the bacteria derived their energy from a process called chemosynthesis that did not depend on sunlight. Some scientists believe that the biosphere may extend relatively deep into Earth’s crust. They have recovered what they believe are primitive bacteria from deeply drilled holes below the surface.

D Changes to Earth’s Surface

Earth’s surface has been constantly changing ever since the planet formed. Most of these changes have been gradual, taking place over millions of years. Nevertheless, these gradual changes have resulted in radical modifications, involving the formation, erosion, and re-formation of mountain ranges, the movement of continents, the creation of huge supercontinents, and the breakup of supercontinents into smaller continents.

The weathering and erosion that result from the water cycle are among the principal factors responsible for changes to Earth’s surface. Another principal factor is the movement of Earth’s continents and seafloors and the buildup of mountain ranges due to a phenomenon known as plate tectonics. Heat is the basis for all of these changes. Heat in Earth’s interior is believed to be responsible for continental movement, mountain building, and the creation of new seafloor in ocean basins. Heat from the Sun is responsible for the evaporation of ocean water and the resulting precipitation that causes weathering and erosion. In effect, heat in Earth’s interior helps build up Earth’s surface while heat from the Sun helps wear down the surface.

D1 Weathering

Weathering is the breakdown of rock at and near the surface of Earth. Most rocks originally formed in a hot, high-pressure environment below the surface where there was little exposure to water. Once the rocks reached Earth’s surface, however, they were subjected to temperature changes and exposed to water. When rocks are subjected to these kinds of surface conditions, the minerals they contain tend to change. These changes constitute the process of weathering. There are two types of weathering: physical weathering and chemical weathering.

Physical weathering involves a decrease in the size of rock material. Freezing and thawing of water in rock cavities, for example, splits rock into small pieces because water expands when it freezes.

Chemical weathering involves a chemical change in the composition of rock. For example, feldspar, a common mineral in granite and other rocks, reacts with water to form clay minerals, resulting in a new substance with totally different properties than the parent feldspar. Chemical weathering is of significance to humans because it creates the clay minerals that are important components of soil, the basis of agriculture. Chemical weathering also causes the release of dissolved forms of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and other chemical elements into surface water and groundwater. These elements are carried by surface water and groundwater to the sea and are the sources of dissolved salts in the sea.

D2 Erosion

Glacial Erosion Glaciers erode the earth’s surface through processes such as abrasion, crushing, and fracturing of the material in the glacier’s path. Glaciers move by growing or shrinking, depending on the climate. Moving glaciers erode and transport large quantities of rocks, sand, and other particles along their path. The icy path shown here is a moraine formed by a glacier in Switzerland.Photo Researchers, Inc./Paolo Koch

Erosion is the process that removes loose and weathered rock and carries it to a new site. Water, wind, and glacial ice combined with the force of gravity can cause erosion.

Erosion by running water is by far the most common process of erosion. It takes place over a longer period of time than other forms of erosion. When water from rain or melted snow moves downhill, it can carry loose rock or soil with it. Erosion by running water forms the familiar gullies and V-shaped valleys that cut into most landscapes. The force of the running water removes loose particles formed by weathering. In the process, gullies and valleys are lengthened, widened, and deepened. Often, water overflows the banks of the gullies or river channels, resulting in floods. Each new flood carries more material away to increase the size of the valley. Meanwhile, weathering loosens more and more material so the process continues.

Erosion by glacial ice is less common, but it can cause the greatest landscape changes in the shortest amount of time. Glacial ice forms in a region where snow fails to melt in the spring and summer and instead builds up as ice. For major glaciers to form, this lack of snowmelt has to occur for a number of years in areas with high precipitation. As ice accumulates and thickens, it flows as a solid mass. As it flows, it has a tremendous capacity to erode soil and even solid rock. Ice is a major factor in shaping some landscapes, especially mountainous regions. Glacial ice provides much of the spectacular scenery in these regions. Features such as horns (sharp mountain peaks), ar

Wind is an important cause of erosion only in arid (dry) regions. Wind carries sand and dust, which can scour even solid rock.

Many factors determine the rate and kind of erosion that occurs in a given area. The climate of an area determines the distribution, amount, and kind of precipitation that the area receives and thus the type and rate of weathering. An area with an arid climate erodes differently than an area with a humid climate. The elevation of an area also plays a role by determining the potential energy of running water. The higher the elevation the more energetically water will flow due to the force of gravity. The type of bedrock in an area (sandstone, granite, or shale) can determine the shapes of valleys and slopes, and the depth of streams.

A landscape’s geologic age—that is, how long current conditions of weathering and erosion have affected the area—determines its overall appearance. Relatively young landscapes tend to be more rugged and angular in appearance. Older landscapes tend to have more rounded slopes and hills. The oldest landscapes tend to be low-lying with broad, open river valleys and low, rounded hills. The overall effect of the wearing down of an area is to level the land; the tendency is toward the reduction of all land surfaces to sea level.

D3 Plate Tectonics

Opposing this tendency toward leveling is a force responsible for raising mountains and plateaus and for creating new landmasses. These changes to Earth’s surface occur in the outermost solid portion of Earth, known as the lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of the crust and another region known as the upper mantle and is approximately 65 to 100 km (40 to 60 mi) thick. Compared with the interior of the Earth, however, this region is relatively thin. The lithosphere is thinner in proportion to the whole Earth than the skin of an apple is to the whole apple.

Scientists believe that the lithosphere is broken into a series of plates, or segments. According to the theory of plate tectonics, these plates move around on Earth’s surface over long periods of time. Tectonics comes from the Greek word, tektonikos, which means “builder.”

According to the theory, the lithosphere is divided into large and small plates. The largest plates include the Pacific plate, the North American plate, the Eurasian plate, the Antarctic plate, the Indo-Australian plate, and the African plate. Smaller plates include the Cocos plate, the Nazca plate, the Philippine plate, and the Caribbean plate. Plate sizes vary a great deal. The Cocos plate is 2,000 km (1,000 mi) wide, while the Pacific plate is nearly 14,000 km (nearly 9,000 mi) wide.

These plates move in three different ways in relation to each other. They pull apart or move away from each other, they collide or move against each other, or they slide past each other as they move sideways. The movement of these plates helps explain many geological events, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as well as mountain building and the formation of the oceans and continents.

?i? discontinuity, or simply the Moho. The boundary separates the crust from the underlying mantle, which is much thicker and is part of Earth’s interior.êtes (sharp ridges), glacially formed lakes, and U-shaped valleys are all the result of glacial erosion.